Immortality?

Does Curt Schilling belong in the Baseball Hall of Fame?

Read this chat transcript.

I'm a Curt fan because of 2004, but when it comes to HOF induction, I am fair and unbiased. Curt Schilling is most definitely a Hall of Famer in my opinion.

What I don't understand is why people still base performance on number of wins. Wins is an eye catching stat. When you see a guy with let's say a 10-3 record, you automatically think that he's a good pitcher. That could be far from the truth. What really matters are ERA, strikes, walks (actually WHIP). Schilling performs above and beyond well in all those categories. Not getting a W, doesn't mean the pitcher didn't pitch quality innings. Getting an L or no decision doesn't necessarily equal a poor outing. Sometimes giving up one run can lead to a loss. If that one run was given up in 6 innings, I'd say that's a quality start; yet it's still branded as a loss.

So I don't get it. People these days should be smart enough to skip over the win-loss column when judging a pitcher's worth.

Everybody Loses

Are the truck drivers right? Is the government focusing on the wrong stuff? Alcohol over fuel? Whether the decision was right or wrong, the people feel disenfranchised. Again, the silly HKSAR government has managed to give the impression that they are trying to make the rich richer. This stupid government needs to learn about something called foresight. They need to make decisions that benefit a majority of the people, then have their PR guys run all over town promoting their work. Now it's just the opposite. Everything is disaster management. The government is often seen as putting more money in the pockets of the rich AKA their friends/possibly future employers.

Despite the massive groan from the Hong Kong public, the government continues to blindly go ahead with its promotion of wine in the region. Personally, I'm disappointed with the decision to demolish the alcohol tax. Very little or no savings have been passed on to the actual consumers. Instead, the money has gone straight to the distributors. Wine shops shrug as they didn't win or lose in this situation, and they aren't to blame either. The government should have taken a step back, seen that when the alcohol tax was lowered a couple years ago, there was no significant drop in the price of alcoholic beverages. Is there a solution here? Probably not. Yet, why make your actions look dubious? Why make people feel disenfranchised? If I had any humble advice for the HKSAR government, it would be to focus on the real issues... please.

Whoa Boston (an ongoing series)!

Before

After


I am primarily a baseball fan, but it's always good to see Boston win. After a 22 year drought (if you can call it that), the Cs win their 17th NBA Championship. Icing on the cake is winning at home, and starting the celebrations midway through the fourth quarter after annihilating the Lake Show. What a way to end this amazing season. This somewhat dulls the pain of Superbowl XLII, which has made me contemplate skipping this year's football season entirely.

In other news...

Everyone is saying it, so I mind as well say it too. It's on everyone's mind...

JD DREW IS ON FIRE!!!

We are injured, but we are strong. Just as the Sox disabled list was starting to pile up, we get strong performances from Masterson, Drew, Crisp, and even the pen has stepped up.

Craig Hansen is showing much more promise this season, as his outings are more and more solid. Javy Lopez, David Aardsma, Timlin, Oki, and MDC all seem to take turns having a bad inning. In other words it's a good balance, and the pen has been efficient with Papelbon to slam the door when necessary.

Happy Days in Boston!

Best. Show. Ever.

HBO's The Wire ended this year after five seasons. I only recently discovered the series via rental. I managed to burn through season one in one week, but only because I was allowed to rent just two discs each time. In short, it is the best TV series I have ever seen.

I saw season one of Heroes this year. I really liked that show too, and I would rate it at a close second on my personal list. Both Heroes and The Wire are character driven shows. They each have a boatload of characters, yet both shows manage to balance out each and every one of them. With so many characters, it could have been easy to get lost and not care about some of them. It is not the case here. You end up caring about everyone in the story, including the "bad guys".

What edged it over Heroes for me is the realism and message of The Wire. Crime dramas and stories surrounding cops and robbers has been done time and again. This one is a masterpiece. The Wire is an intense portrayal of Baltimore in many aspects. Season One portrays the urban drug trade, poverty and despair among African Americans, and also the bureaucratic police department that's supposed to be fighting it.

The Wire is part entertainment, part social commentary. It is by no means easy to swallow. Negativity is never easy to watch. I'm sure not many people enjoy rewatching Saving Private Ryan. Yet, there are lessons to be learned when watching The Wire. The good guys don't necessarily win in the end, and perhaps viewers might be left with a feeling of despair, but they certainly won't be left with emptiness. While Heroes is very entertaining, the Wire is that and more.

The Wire toys with your emotions, and you end up caring about all the characters because the show feels so real. You sympathize with the cops who can't do their job because of politics and corruption. You sympathize with the "soldiers" of the drug trade, as the show asks whether they are truly at fault. Do they have any other way to survive in the projects if they didn't sell drugs? Season one of the wire tells the stories of multiple worlds most viewers know very little about. The story, the characters, and the setting do a phenomenal job of introducing us to one of the most crime ridden cities in America.

As said, The Wire is no walk in the park, but if you're up for a challenge, definitely don't let this amazing show pass you by.

(In addition: when I used to hear people talk about characters in the wire like, Wee-Bey, Wallace, Stringer, Bunk, Kima, Carver, Daniels, Prez, I got really confused. I couldn't put names to faces. After just one season, I know everyone in that show. Their personalities stick to you like glue. You get attached to these characters. I've seen nearly five seasons of 24, and the only characters I remember are Jack Bauer and Chloe.)

The light that burns the brightest...

I grew up listening to Beyond, and Wong Ka Kui: singer, songwriter, lyricist, messenger of peace, leader, legend. Ka Kui died nearly 15 years ago, yet he is still influential to many people, including me. I never get tired of his songs, his message, his super soulful voice. The man spoke his mind, he loved peace, and he loved music. He was intelligent and ambitious, yet his goals were never about money, and he was always generous with everyone around him. If he were alive, Ka Kui would be 46 years old today.

Below are lyrics that I will never forget. They are powerful lyrics for sure, but the reason I will remember them forever is the performance below. This song and this concert really moved me, and Beyond went from being a band that I liked, to a band that I love.

我已背上一身苦困後悔與唏噓
妳眼裏卻此刻充滿淚
這個世界已不知不覺的空虛
不想你別去



Happy Birthday, Ka Kui. Your legacy will live on forever.

Meh Olympics Side Story: Meh Torch

A newspaper decided that it was really important for the public to know the difference between the authentic, "priceless" Olympic torch, and a fake eBay Olympic torch. It is baffling as to why they felt the need to use half a page to cover this news. Then I realized why after seeing this chart.

They just HAD to emphasize that the torch is priceless (無價). Oooooo, that's right... another reminder of how sacred and important and amazing the 2008 Olympics is going to be.

Also laughable is how they spend half the article explaining that the real torch can be lit, while the fake torch cannot. I don't know why I need to know this. Perhaps they thought that people would be dissuaded from buying the fake torch if they knew they couldn't light up the flame and parade around their neighborhood.

However, what I find to be absolutely the most absurd thing is how China spent tens of millions of yuan (US$X,000,000) over the past two years to create the special fuel that can manage to stay lit on the Himalayas leg of the torch relay. I won't even talk about how much could be done with that money in rural China. How about using that money to invent something good for the nation? Perhaps create the first LED Olympic torch? Show off China's technological prowess after inventing the first electric Olympic torch. It would also show China's newfound care for mother nature. Instead, the torch rides in it's own private plane that spews CO2 like there's no tomorrow.

Fun fact: did you know that this Olympic torch emits 5,500 tons of CO2? Read about it here.

6.4 不忘

As people continue to cry over the Sichuan earthquake, let's not forget those who died in vain 19 years ago today, right smack in the heart of China: Tiananmen Square.



I usually keep quiet about this issue. Usually just post a picture or a news article. However, it seems like more and more people are forgetting about the Tiananmen Square Massacre. Survey says that more and more people (nearly 15%) now think that the Chinese government did the right thing when they deployed the PLA, which resulted in death of thousands of student protesters.

Maybe 19 years is a long time, and people are forgetting the blood, sweat, tears, and pain they saw on television. Perhaps it is some of the younger folk who didn't live through the incident, and pass judgement based on things they were told.

Remembering "June 4th" is no easy feat. You watch as less and less people attend the annual memorial events. It's like trying to promote democracy in China, or like getting China to admit they were wrong. It's like talking to a brick wall.

Nearly 20 years later, exiled former student protesters are still not allowed back in the country. Many former protesters are still in prison. The parents of dead protesters are closely watched, and they are not allowed to go anywhere near the Square to pray for their dead children.

Since China certainly hasn't forgotten about this date, why should we? Don't give China a free pass on this. Don't let people forget.

理智躲到檯底

Rational thought thrown out the window. A high school girl says they should save pandas instead of humans. CNN guy calls the Chinese thugs. Sharon Stone says the earthquake is karma. Not only have these people been condemned on the internet, silly internet folk have asked that these people be killed or hanged or whatnot.

You see this dumbshit happen all the time on the net. People hide behind their computers and do some extreme name-calling. It transfers into reality as well, like when Fenqing threw feces and paint on the house of a Chinese Duke University girl who pushed for peace talks with Tibet. In a country with little freedom of speech, this kind of behavior is not surprising. However, seeing it happen in Hong Kong really disappoints me.

Everyday, the local Hong Kong tabloids have an article interviewing pop stars about Sharon Stone. Every response is how her speech is unforgivable, blah blah blah. When did Sharon Stone's opinion suddenly start carrying weight?! Even if it did, what's the big deal? It is her opinion, and she certainly doesn't deserve to "die", or be "chopped into a million pieces", etc.

CNN host Jack Cafferty implied that Chinese people were "goons and thugs", which caused a typhoon sized stir. Again, I don't see what the big deal is. The author of the piece above said an American journalist she talked to chuckled that The Situation Room show is a "news show" and not a "news report", in response to Cafferty's comments. Goons and thugs was Cafferty's opinion. It doesn't actually mean that everyone in America (or CNN even) thinks that all Chinese are goons and thugs. It is Cafferty's right to have that opinion. Hong Kong people should be smart enough to know how important freedom of speech is, since we currently enjoy this right and hopefully will enjoy it for ever and ever. It's this peer-pressurish, pseudo-patriotic bullshit that's destroying the few things that make us more desirable than the Mainland.

The poor high school girl who thought pandas should be saved over humans may hold a different opinion, but it is her opinion to hold. Instead, she was not only condemned by her peers, her school actually punished her for speaking her mind. I just cannot believe people in Hong Kong have fallen to this level of ignorance. Students should be rewarded for speaking out, whether or not you agree with them. What the school should have done, was ask her to explain to her peers why she thought the pandas were worth saving over the humans. An easy answer would be that pandas are facing extinction, and humans are not. What part of that argument doesn't make sense?

Hiatus/Thoughts

Where in the world? Yes, I've been away. Spent nearly two weeks in the US. Was ablt to swing by the East coast for the first time in four years. Do I miss it? Sure. Parts of it... sometimes.

So I was in the US when the earthquake hit Sichuan. It's strange how when you're not anywhere near the epicenter of tragedy, you can easily remove yourself from it. The only report I really watched was on CNN, when they interviewed an American there by phone. Otherwise, it was pretty difficult for foreign journalists to gain access at the time. It's that age old news barrier in China: when you're there, you can't get foreign news; when you're not there, you can't get any accurate news from China. So it was pretty easy for me to continue my vacation, and not think much about the quake and its victims.

When I returned to Hong Kong, then I realized how crazy people were about the quake. Newspapers printing everything in black, everything was tragedy, tragedy, tragedy, death, destruction, hopelessness. The Hong Kong media just kept feeding people negativity, as if the victims needed everyone to share their grief. Anyone person or media outlet that didn't follow suit were be "condemned" or frowned upon. It's like "Fenqing" behavior: if you don't agree with them, you're the enemy; there's no room for discussion.

Maybe it was my absence during the quake, or maybe I'm just a heartless bastard. I didn't feel sad, and I didn't need psychological help. Sichuan was a mess, and tens of thousands were dead. Yet people around the world die everyday. Some suffering African nations are in even worse situations than the quake survivors. What about Myanmar? Suddenly, people stopped thinking about them.

There are so many examples of how people suffer day in day out (even in China), yet we never think of those people. I know it's wrong to say this, but it almost appears like it's fashionable to feel sad, and cry about Sichuan, and donate money. Yet how often in our daily lives do we think about the impoverished, those struck by tragedy and injustice? Why does it take a major tragedy, and a pushy media to get us to care? I am numb by what goes on in the world today. Sichuan just didn't faze me.

Before the quake, I saw a news show (The Pearl Report) about the Olympics, and Tibet, and China's human rights record, which people were protesting. They interviewed a man living in Beijing named Wang Zhi. Wang owned property, he had a good job, and a family. Regarding the protests against the Olympics, he couldn't understand them. He said that he "doesn't have the luxury to care about human rights". That made me sad. In fact, I was stunned by his comment.

Plenty of tragedy and injustice happens in the world around us. Unfortunately, we can't seemed to be bothered by it until it hits us with sledgehammer strength.

Meh Olympics Side Story: Meh Hong Kong Torch Bearers

The selection process of Hong Kong Olympic torch bearers didn't really push me any further away from the Olympics. Instead, it added to my disappointment in the Hong Kong Olympic Committee, and the Hong Kong government. Yet, perhaps I really shouldn't be so surprised.

It is a direct reflection of how the Hong Kong government operates: behind closed doors. There was speculation that the torch bearers were hand-picked by the Central Government. There was speculation that government officials picked all their buddies: ultra rich folk in Hong Kong. Of course, the 120 person list was kept secret from the public until two days before the event. When it was leaked that 2/3 of the runners were non-athletes and they were mostly from the business sector, the public frowned.

Again, after warning people not to politicize the Olympic torch relay (aimed at protesters), the government goes and makes the event very political. The list was very pro wealthy, and very pro China. Politicians who weren't "China friendly", were kept out of the relay. Though it is arguable that the list can never be perfect, it just seemed that the runners did not represent the Hong Kong people.

The relay came and went. So how could the government have done a better job? I have a couple ideas.

Have a little vote.
The US votes for minor yet somewhat important nationwide events that take place every year: All-Star games. For baseball, the players are picked online. For basketball, the players used to be picked at McDonalds. Make it a casual vote like the NBA All-Star game. Maybe even let McDonald's or 7-11 handle it for some free publicity. If the vote had to be fair, perhaps set up a simple web vote where people key in their HKID card number.

My suggestion is to allow citizens to vote for one or two people from their district to carry the torch. These runners would make up maybe 1/3 to 1/2 of the total runners. The rest would be athletes, and the government could still throw in a dozen or so politicians in the mix to please China. The main idea is that everyone stays happy. Even if the list isn't perfect, at least the people had a say in it.

Let the little people run.
Why not make it a competition? Fifty people who do the most community service within one year get to be in the relay. How's that for a good cause. Perhaps reward kids who have done good deeds or have gotten good grades in school. I mean, who can argue with these selections? Who would not want kids, or good citizens to run?

The problem with the list was that it was just way too skewed towards big business. Unfortunately, that is also a reflection of Hong Kong: the people who build their fortune off the blood and sweat of others reap all the benefits in the end.

Blogger's Scheduled Posts

I was secretly hoping for this feature.

Blogger's scheduled posts allows users to prepare their blog posts in advance, and schedule when they will be published. So technically, one could write up a year's worth of posts, and have them automatically published throughout the year. I actually thought of doing this for when I was away on trips to China (since my blog is censored there, and I have no access to it).

I also secretly wanted this function so that my blog would keep being updated even after I'm dead.

(this entry was published using Blogger's scheduled posts)

Political Olympics

A lot of people are saying, "don't politicize the Olympics", and that it should be about sports and nothing more. Well, don't tell that to China. They were the first ones to make the Olympic games political. How?

1. Who transports a torch on a private jet? That's right, the oh-so-precious Olympic torch was flown to Beijing in a private jet.
   


2. Then it was "greeted" by Zhou Yongkang (周永康), the head of the Political and Legislative Affairs Committee of the Communist Party of China Central Committee. He is the overall 9th ranked government official in the entire Chinese Communist Party. In other words, a real big shot. The last time China sent a high ranking official to greet at the airport was in 1998, when then President Bill Clinton visited China. Clinton's visit was significant, because it was the first time an American President visited China since the Tiananmen Square Massacre.
   


3. After being transported to the Tiananmen Square, the torch was greeted by a lavish ceremony, with general secretary Hu Jintao (胡錦濤), ceremoniously lighting and passing on the torch to hurdler, Liu Xiang (劉翔), as vice-president Xi Jinping (習近平) made a speech. It was done in the same manner as when the Kings of China prayed to the gods in ancient times, the most grand of events.

The whole point was to show the world how China is an economic leader and powerhouse. The torch is a symbol of China's recent success and achievement of the status of top world power. You'd have a hard time convincing me that this torch ceremony was not political.

Meh Olympics Part II

People ask me how can I possibly shun my country's own Olympic games. Well, it's simple. I just casually opened today's newspaper to find these two articles. Naturally, they were completely overshadowed by Olympic related news. It makes me wonder whether a country with such glaring problems deserves to host this event.

Sadly, there's a possibility that the journalists who uncovered these will be jailed or killed from retribution by corrupt local governments. In most foreign countries, they would be hailed as heroes.

Such is China.

Meh Olympics Part I

The Olympic torch has arrived in Hong Kong, yay... not.

I'm finding it extremely difficult to get excited about the Beijing Olympic games. Between the shameless event promotion being done by the local government, the protests, and China's negative track record overshadowing the event, I just can't get bring myself to muster up any interest.

Looking back, I've always had a grim perception of the Olympic games overall. The Olympics itself is really a show. Back when I was in the US, the TV stations would promote the games early on: seeking out the potential medalists and turning them into instant celebrities. There would be interviews, mini documentaries, non-stop repeating footage of past events, silly slogans, plus the sudden flood of endorsements. It gave the public a month long love affair with these select athletes. Once the Olympics ended, they once again faded into obscurity. For me, it felt like a cruel cycle of highs and lows for these athletes, and I could never get comfortable with it. You could see the athletes eating up this short lived stardom, knowing that it may be their one and only chance to make a buck off their athletic careers.

Yet, even back then I still found the games enjoyable. The commercial nature didn't manage to completely overshadow the actual games. Watching athletes succeed and have their dream come true was still a very inspiring event to watch. The most memorable Olympic moment for me (and likely many Hong Kong people), was when Hong Kong won its one and only gold medal (during colonial rule) in 1996 via windsurfer Lee Lai Shan. I still get choked up and teary-eyed just thinking about it (very much like the 2004 World Series).

The Beijing Olympics are just not the same. It's like there's a huge cloud hanging over the upcoming event. Instead of the promotion of athletes, we've got Darfur, Tibet, RWB, human rights atrocities, pollution, and corruption issues popping up left and right. Instead of Olympic athletes getting their 15 minutes of fame, China's controversial issues are getting noticed.

Don't get me wrong. Anyone who's been reading this blog knows that I'd much rather have these issues dominate the front pages of newspapers than the Olympics. It's just hard to feeling happy about it when you're constantly faced with the shameless celebration of China, contrasted with the dark, ambiguous injustices occurring in the background.

Once you go black...

Perhaps in a feeble attempt to stay on top and stay organized, I have long been a faithful PDA user. Since my Palm V died about 3 years ago, I've been trying hard to find a reliable replacement. Part of the plan was to also combine the whole phone/PDA/mobile email into one device. I tried a lot of options. At one point I got so frustrated, I even switched to the Hipster PDA.

Well, the notorious Blackberry devices finally caught my attention, and I bought in to the hype. The results have been eye-opening. The Blackberry email is great, but to be fair, a lot of providers do push email. Blackberry Internet Service is probably better than others because of their sheer size, but that's not what impressed me the most. The latest devices are just superb.

Not only are they reliable, efficient, and user friendly, but they are miles ahead of the competition. I won't go into the details, since any tech head on the net can tell you the positive details of RIM devices. Just comparing to other PDAs, RIM is much more reliable, extremely logical and easy to use, and the battery life actually performs to level stated by the manufacturer. It has no flaws, aside from perhaps being too boring for some people (usually iPhone users).

RIM doesn't try to do too much with their PDAs, and that's exactly what I want.

Self Imposed Handicap

I caught a prison documentary on TV the other night. It isn't news that prisons are a problem: life in prison, managing prisons, managing prisoners, keeping a balance between prisoner's rights and keeping them in check, etc. One thing I never understood is why prisons have weight lifting equipment. Violence is a major issue in prison. So wouldn't it be easier to subdue weaker, out of shape inmates, rather than have to deal with inmates who have been bulking up and getting strong all-day?

It makes no sense. Prison guards are the people who should be working out, not prisoners. In fact, they should feed inmates a near vegetarian diet to keep them from gaining too much weight. At some prisons, all the inmates do is lift weights all day, everyday. Why not give them books to read instead? Make sure they're paperback books, so they won't use them as weights to workout.

Patriotism(?)

Will patriotism go the on/off extreme route, as it did in the US? With China being heavily criticized for pretty much every move it makes (as any superpower should expect): Tibet, Olympics, Chinese netizens are showing their "patriotism".

Click here to see what I'm talking about.

This really reminds me of the "USA" chants at international sporting events, and the obnoxious American flag t-shirts, etc. To me, it's all a bit lame. No, patriotism is not lame, but people "showing off" patriotism is pretty weak. So you add "heart China" before your MSN name... so what? Most people are doing it just to be trendy, or they're doing it in response to attacks against China. But what else have they done to demonstrate patriotism? By the way, I don't consider protesting against a department store, to be patriotic in any way (it's just a waste of time).

A real patriot would do things to help his or her country; for example helping the disadvantaged or impoverished. Helping to fight injustice is a true demonstration of patriotism (though in China, that may land you in prison or even kill you). I just wonder how many of these silly chat room folk actually step away from their computer and make themselves useful (in the name of patriotism).

To express my disappointment towards China, I instead use

iTunes = Slow

I don't know how else to put it. Apple iTunes is excruciatingly slow. My computer isn't anywhere near top of the line. I don't need the latest computer because I don't use heavy duty programs, and I don't play PC games. So why should I upgrade just for a music player. That's what I find to be most inexcusable: iTunes is a music player! Yes, it has other functions like iPod sync, iTunes store, and Quicktime. I would expect delays if all those programs were running all at once, but that is never the case.

Things slow down when I edit song names, organize the songs, or even just scroll up and down. When I say slow, I mean the program just freezes for a full 10 seconds. You can't do anything in iTunes, the CPU usage shoots up to 90-100%, and Windows Task Manager lists the program as "Not Responding".

I find it hard to believe that this type of program is taking up so much processing power. What the hell is it doing?! What could it possibly be doing?! All I want from iTunes is for it to sync to my iPod, and download podcasts when I ask it to. Perhaps it is trying to do too much. This is a flaw in the design. iTunes should be designed to work well on both faster and slower computers. It should give the user the option of making it run "heavy" or "light". If it weren't for my iPod(s), this program would have been tossed long time ago.

Typhoon Neoguri

As Hong Kong suffers through, Neoguri, the first typhoon of the season, I can't help but remember the spicy korean instant noodles I used to love in college. Good times.

租霸

One problem Hong Kong has failed to tackle over the years is the case of deadbeat renters. I remember seeing a mini documentary on how professional deadbeat renters or "租霸"s, take advantage of legal loopholes and terrorize small-time landlords. They refuse to pay rent, refuse to vacate the property, and when they do finally leave, they destroy existing appliances and facilities. Did I mention they don't pay rent?

The law "allows" these people to wreck such havoc because the law is designed to protect renters. They didn't want to see people being put on to the street because they were late with a rent payment.

Are landlords powerless? They can go to court and have a judge force the renter to leave and pay up the owed rental fees. However, this application process can take up to six months. The deadbeat renter often gets off with about one year's worth of free housing. They may pay the first two month's worth of rent, then just stop paying after that. The landlord doesn't realize it's a problem until perhaps a month after that, and pretty soon it gets to be a year before a judge forces the renter to leave. Of course, the deadbeat renter will destroy everything they possibly can in the apartment, including sinks, toilet bowls, air conditioners, and even the walls.

Just a few weeks ago, an incident happened which was similar to the documentary I saw five years ago. The government has done nothing to improve this situation, and these issues never make front page news.

Where are gangsters when you need them?

What non-lethal actions could a landlord possibly do to make the tenant leave on their own?

Call the cops - not only do the police have no power over these disputes, they often don't bother to step in between a landlord and a tenant.

Cut the power - this has not worked, as the renter would simply have the power reconnected under his/her own name.

Secretly let loose cockroaches/mice/foul smelling stuffs into the apartment - this might actually work, but the owner will have to do it strategically. First it must be on a day when no one is home. It can prove to be tricky, as even deadbeat renters hire domestic helpers. Lock picking may be required, as renters like this are overly suspicious and install their own locks. The owner must also let the loose only a couple at a time, as not to cause suspicion.

In the end, new legislation is ultimately required to solve the issue once and for all.